Q. What is the Church’s foundation for declaring itself to be infallible when the pope speaks “ex cathedra” and with the entire magisterium supporting him? How many teachings on faith and morals have been declared infallible, and what are some of them? And if something has not been defined as infallible, are we free to question and discuss?
A. The doctrine of infallibility, while sometimes misunderstood by Catholics and others, is clearly defined by the Church’s Code of Canon Law. Canon 749, Section 1, explains that the pope may teach infallibly when he proclaims by definitive act that a certain doctrine of faith or morals is to be believed by the faithful. He must clearly state that he intends to teach that doctrine as infallible and irreformable.
The consensus among theologians is that only twice in the Church’s history has the Holy Father by himself exercised this prerogative: in 1854 with the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and in 1950 with the dogma of the Assumption.
But there is a second manner of infallible pronouncements (Canon 749, 2), and this happens when the college of bishops, joined in an ecumenical council, proclaim that a certain truth is to be held by all the faithful. An example would be at Nicaea in 325 A.D., when it was declared that Jesus is “of the same substance” (nature) as God the Father.
The doctrine of infallibility did not suddenly appear. Rather, it is founded on Christ’s promise to the apostles that he would send the Holy Spirit, who “will guide you to all truth” (John 16:13). That secure sense of protection from error on fundamental teachings was part of the early history of the Church and is reflected in St. Augustine’s fifth-century statement, “Rome has spoken; the case is concluded.”
Infallible declarations have been issued only sparsely during the Church’s two-millennium history and have usually been formulated in response to particular issues that had been disputed.
But, as the Catechism of the Catholic Church explains (No. 892), even the ordinary teaching of the bishops, as successors of the apostles and joined with the pope, are to be followed “with religious assent.” So where does that leave Catholics as to their freedom “to question and discuss” noninfallible teachings?
The answer seems to depend on the particular teaching – how fundamental it is and how solidly embedded in the history and tradition of the Church.
For example, in 1994, when Pope John Paul II said in “Ordinatio Sacerdotalis” that the Church lacks the authority to ordain women, the word infallible did not appear. But the pontiff did say that this teaching should be “definitively held” and suggested that further debate was pointless. But on the issue of mandatory celibacy for clergy, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, the new papal secretary of state, noted recently that this is a matter of Church discipline and not dogma, that the early Church had married priests and that the matter is therefore open to discussion.
Q. Because of chronic pain, I have trouble getting the good restorative sleep that everyone needs. And due to the fact that I cannot tolerate medications, the only possible relief that I have from pain is sleep. Is there some saint to whom I could pray to help me?
A. There are many saints who experienced considerable physical suffering in their lives. One of them is Gemma Galgani, an Italian mystic who died in 1903 at the age of 25 and was canonized in 1940.
She was one of eight children whose father was a prominent pharmacist in the Tuscan city of Lucca. Orphaned at 18, Gemma took over the responsibility for raising her younger siblings. At 20, she developed spinal meningitis, which required her to wear a heavy iron back brace and eventually confined her to bed. At 21, she began to display signs of the stigmata, the wounds of Christ.
Several months before her death, she was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which brought constant pain during her final days. Through it all, she maintained her prayerfulness and her trust in the Lord. She is widely venerated in Italy and Latin America, especially by those who are ill and suffering greatly.
(Father Doyle is now retired and a replacement will start soon.)
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